Overview:
Not only are portable entertainment devices and handheld products powered by batteries, but such applications are also useful in green products such as Photovoltaic (PV) applications and Electric Vehicles (EVs).
As batteries become more popular in people's daily lives, the choice of battery and low-power design has become the key to the success of battery-powered product development. Because today's semiconductor technology is developing more rapidly than battery technology, power management design is the key to making users feel the pros and cons of the product.
In addition to safety, cost and size, maximizing battery life and extending its life is extremely important for system design in battery-powered applications. As battery technology for driving portable applications continues to increase, there is a need to select a suitable method for discharging and charging rechargeable batteries. This article first reviews the general battery strategy for portable applications and then discusses power management and battery management circuit design using today's integrated solutions.
The main battery technology battery technology can be easily divided into two categories: non-rechargeable and rechargeable. A non-rechargeable battery is discarded after it has been used once, and is called a disposable battery. Alkaline batteries are the most common household disposable batteries. Alkaline rechargeable batteries are also available on the market, but are beyond the scope of this article. A typical alkaline battery has a floating voltage of approximately 1.5V to 1.65V, a nominal voltage of 1.2V, and a voltage at the end of life of approximately 0.9V. The voltage at the end of a single-cell alkaline battery life can be as low as 0.7V-0.8V , depending on the load current. Table 1 shows some common alkaline battery configurations. Some applications can be configured in a variety of configurations, depending on product form factor, system requirements, available solutions, and power budget.
For example, a wireless optical mouse solution operates from 1.8V to 3.2V. The mouse works with two alkaline batteries in series, eliminating the need for an additional regulated power supply. If an extremely compact mouse design is required, 2 AA/AAA alkaline batteries may not be available. In this case, a single AA/AAA alkaline battery can be used to reduce the space, but a boost converter is needed to raise the voltage to 1.8V.
Table 1: Comparison of alkaline battery configurations (please read the PDF for details)
Polycrystalline silicon solar panels are a common type of Solar Panel whose main function is to convert sunlight into electricity. The following are the main functions of polycrystalline silicon solar panels:
Photoelectric conversion: Polycrystalline silicon solar panels are made of polycrystalline silicon material, and their surface is covered with multiple silicon crystals, which can absorb photons in sunlight. When the photons are absorbed, they release electrons from the silicon crystal, creating an electric current. This process, called photoelectric conversion, converts the energy of sunlight into electricity.
Power generation: The current and voltage generated by polycrystalline silicon solar panels through photoelectric conversion can be used for power generation. Multiple solar panels are combined into a solar module, and a solar array can be formed when used on a large scale. These battery modules and arrays can absorb large amounts of sunlight and convert it into electricity to supply the grid or be used to power equipment.
Renewable energy: Solar panels use sunlight to generate electricity and are therefore renewable energy. Sunlight is free, widely distributed, and not exhausted, so the use of solar panels helps reduce dependence on traditional energy sources, lowers carbon emissions, and is environmentally friendly.
Noiseless: Solar panels have no mechanical moving parts, so there is no noise during the power generation process. This makes them ideal for use in residential areas, schools, and other places where a quiet environment is required.
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