Summary:
The battery used in the device is a masterpiece of chemical engineering: storing a large amount of electricity in a small box allows the mobile device to run for hours. How does it work? How can I get the most out of it...
Chemical principle
Most modern mobile devices use lithium batteries, which mainly consist of two parts: a pair of electrodes and an electrolyte present between them. There are many kinds of materials for the electrodes, which can be lithium, graphite, or even nanowires, but without exception, rely on the chemical composition of lithium. This is an active metal and therefore easily synthesized with other elements. Pure lithium is extremely active and can even ignite spontaneously in the air, so most batteries use safer lithium cobalt oxide.
Between the two electrodes is an electrolyte, usually a liquid organic solvent, through which electrons can flow. When the lithium battery is charged, the lithium cobaltate molecules can capture the electrons and then release the electrons during use of the battery to support the operation of the mobile phone.
Lithium batteries are the most common type of battery because it stores the most amount of power in the smallest space. This needs to be measured in terms of energy density, which is the amount of electricity that can be stored per kilogram of battery, in watts (wh). Lithium batteries typically have an energy density between 150 and 250 watt-hours per kilogram, while nickel-hydrogen batteries are only 100 watt-hours per kilogram. In other words, lithium batteries are smaller and lighter than other types of batteries, so they can compress the size of the device, but still maintain a long battery life.
The above chemical processes can be summarized as follows: The battery in the device can store the amount of electricity, after which the internal chemicals release the electricity in any way possible. But there are also problems, for example, the battery of the latest Boeing 787 Dreamliner will have a fire failure when the aircraft is docked.
This is one of the defects of lithium batteries: if the battery is over-discharged, the internal chemicals will decompose, generating excess lithium oxide, burning, and generating more lithium oxide, and so on. The chemists call it "thermal runaway," and the average person sees the fire, which is why the Boeing 787 is banned by the US Airways Administration (FAA). The same happens when the battery is punctured, so the US Transportation Security Administration (TSA) recommends that passengers carefully place the battery in their carry-on baggage instead of consignment.
battery capacity
The unit of battery capacity is milliampere-hours (mAh), which represents the total power that a battery can provide. For example, if a battery has a capacity of 1000 mA, it can continuously supply 1000 mA of current in one hour. If your device current is 500 mAh, then this battery will last for about 2 hours.
However, the battery life of a device is more complicated because the specific power consumption of a particular device depends on the tasks it performs. If the device's screen is lit, the wireless transmission function is turned on, and the processor is running at full speed, it will consume more power than when the screen is turned off, the wireless transmission function is turned off, and the processor is idle.
Because of this, consumers should be more cautious about the battery life they claim to be – they may extend their battery life by turning down the screen or turning off some components. If you're curious, you can use some specialized apps to monitor your mobile device's power consumption and battery status, both Battery Monitor Widget in Android and Baterry Life Pro in iOS.
Control current
Due to the possibility of fire, the lithium battery must be tightly controlled. Battery manufacturers use a charge controller to manage the current to achieve this. In fact, each battery has a built-in small computer to prevent it from over-discharging. This component also controls the current that enters the battery during charging, slowing down the current when it is almost full, and avoids overcharging.
When the phone is charging, the last part of the battery takes longer to fill.
To demonstrate this process, we charged the Samsung Galaxy Note phone and measured the current throughout the process and compared it to the corresponding battery ratio. As can be seen from the above figure, the current in the initial stage of charging is the highest, and then gradually decreases. The last part of the battery charge time is very long, because the controller is slowing down the current and avoiding battery overshoot.
future development
Battery technology has been improving, and many laboratories around the world are researching new battery technologies to replace lithium batteries or to develop more advanced lithium battery technologies.
Many of these new technologies use supercapacitors to store power in an instant and then release them instantly, similar to a flash. Since there is almost no chemical reaction involved, supercapacitors can significantly speed up the charging time, but current supercapacitors can only release power in an instant, not meeting the requirements of most mobile devices.
Nectar fuel cell
Fuel cells capable of generating electricity using hydrogen will also be born soon. The Nectar fuel cell system, shown at the International Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas in January, can use a $10 fuel tank to support the phone for two weeks. However, the size of the fuel cell is not small enough to be installed in a mobile phone - the Nectar system can only charge the lithium battery built into the phone, but it cannot replace the lithium battery.
Sulfur is also likely to be used in lithium batteries. Scientists at Stanford University in the United States have recently developed a battery technology that uses nanotechnology to add sulfur to existing chemistries, boosting the energy density of lithium batteries by up to five times and extending their useful life. However, this technology cannot be put on the market within a few years.
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