[Abstract] By introducing the functions and usage methods of common tools for electronic production and the learning content of the electronic production entry-level kit, this paper proposes a self-learning method that uses video tutorials to quickly learn electronic basic theory knowledge and use electronic boards to make electronic works and quickly improve practical hands-on skills. .
As we all know, learning to pay attention to methods, methods are right, with more effort, more and more interesting. The method is wrong, time-consuming and labor-intensive, difficult, and may give you the idea of ​​giving up at any time.
Everything is difficult at the beginning. Similarly, the key to learning electronic technology is getting started. The first thing electronic beginners need to solve is how to get started quickly. In response to this, I introduce a simple entry path here.
Learning electronic technology must be "theory + practice." If you only study theoretical knowledge and do not operate it, the results will be minimal; if you only practice the practice without learning the theoretical knowledge, the effect is not obvious. Therefore, learning electronic technology must be able to learn theoretical knowledge while exercising practical skills. 
First, how to quickly master the knowledge of electronic basic theory
Learning the basic knowledge of electronic theory is one of the most headaches for many electronic beginners. Some beginners simply avoid the theory and do not learn. It is necessary to know that it is difficult to truly master electronic technology without learning the theory and only operating it with hands, like "passive water" and "unrooted wood". To learn electronic technology, you must learn the basics of electronic theory.
Reading is the most basic method of learning, but reading is often time-consuming and difficult to get started. Please ask your friends to help you. Friends may not be fully attentive. Even if you want to pour your heart, you may not be able to do your best, because he does not necessarily have time.
Watching video tutorials is the best way to teach yourself. You only need one home multimedia computer, you don't have to pay expensive training fees, you can directly enjoy the university professor's lecture, and it is very detailed. This learning method is very suitable for self-study, classroom teaching and after-school review. In general, the video tutorial is about 45 minutes per talk, with teacher video, sound, and comes with a clear blackboard design. Therefore, there is no need to purchase additional reference materials, which saves money and is convenient. Furthermore, video teaching has many advantages: teachers and blackboards can be dynamically updated interactively; text image data is synchronized with live video interactions; no major points or difficulties can be missed, and learning can be repeated until it is fully learned. Therefore, there is such a "teacher" to lead the way, naturally, it is a hundred times easier than learning by simply reading a book, and it is not easy to be dull. Therefore, watching high-quality video tutorials is the most effective and fastest way to improve the theoretical level. The following four video tutorials are recommended, which cover the electronic basic theory knowledge required for electronic majors:
1. The basics of circuit analysis (Electronic Science and Technology University) Zhong Hongsheng's video tutorial;
2, analog electronic circuit design (Electronics University) Qu Jian lectured video tutorial;
3. Digital video foundation (Electronic Science and Technology University) Jin Yanhua's video tutorial;
4, RF analog circuit (Electronic Science and Technology University) Yang Yumei's video tutorial
Second, how to quickly master practical hands-on ability
We all know that light has a theory that does not practice, does not work, and learning equals white learning. So how to improve the practical ability? Many electronic enthusiasts are very confused about this. Let me solve this problem for you.
We advocate that electronic beginners should use universal board to solder electronic production works, because this electronic production method can not only cultivate the welding technology of electronic enthusiasts, but also improve their ability to identify circuit diagrams and analyze schematic diagrams for future maintenance and design. Electronic products lay a solid foundation.
1. Preparation of electronic production tools
It is very important for workers to be good at improving their practical skills and preparing electronic production tools. According to my teaching practice, the electronic production tool set for students and electronic enthusiasts mainly includes electric iron, iron frame, high temperature sponge, rosin, needle-nosed pliers, diagonal pliers, tweezers, a word, cross 11 tools, such as aluminum shell suction device and tool box. These 11 tools are ideal for electronics enthusiasts, vocational school students, amateur electronics enthusiasts, and home amateur maintenance. Things are practical and almost everything is used. The role and use of these tools are detailed below.
(1) Introduction of electric iron function and parameters
We recommend Shanghai “Huagong†brand external thermal 30W high-quality long-life electric soldering iron for high temperature and electric iron in strict accordance with national standards. Optimized design, the handle adopts new high-strength heat-resistant material, stainless steel cover, long-life alloy welding head, double-coil type high-quality heating element, featuring high safety performance, beautiful appearance and light hand feeling, which are well received by users.
Suitable for internships, training, electronic production, etc., such as welding IC chips, resistors, small capacitors and other circuits.
Use a multimeter to measure the plug of the soldering iron (resistance of the internal double-coil type high-quality heating element), and the resistance range is about 1.7K-1.85k.
(2) Introduction of the function and parameters of the iron frame
Many electronic beginners do not pay attention to the use of the iron frame, and often buy a cheap, unsound iron frame, which is very inconvenient to use, resulting in a lot of losses, such as burning the wire of the soldering iron, turning to the ground.
We recommend a stainless steel shelf with high hardness and a cast iron integrated iron frame. This is a good quality iron frame in the iron frame, length: 13 cm, width 9.5 cm, height 10 cm, made of all-gold cast iron, black body, looks very stylish. Take it in your hand is very heavy, put the electric iron on the move, steady as Taishan, to ensure that the soldering iron will not fall to the ground, is the favorite baby of electronics lovers.
(3) High temperature sponge function and method of use
The high temperature sponge recommended for everyone is a special high temperature resistant sponge, special material (really very special, similar to very thick paper, but not paper, not sandpaper). It swells after absorption and has a rough and porous surface, but it is as soft as cotton. It can withstand temperatures up to 300 degrees and is specifically designed to remove the oxide layer from the soldering iron head.
It relies on a rough but soft surface to smash the oxide layer and dirt on the tip, not sandpaper, so there is no need to worry about any wear and damage to the tip. When welding, the sponge only needs to be smeared with water. After soaking in water, wipe the hot iron tip and wipe the soldering iron on the sponge.
(4) Rosin function and method of use
High quality rosin is very helpful for soldering of circuit boards. When the surface of the soldering iron or component is oxidized, it is not easy to tin and solder. After the rosin is scented with a soldering iron, the oxidation can be quickly removed, and the component becomes extremely easy to solder. With rosin, the solder joints will be more beautiful, and the solder joints will be black with solder paste.
The soldered circuit board is preferably soldered with rosin because the rosin is a flux. But not too much, just one thing, beginners are not good at measuring the size, often welding a weld just fine, tin points can not be too big, can not be too small. The role of rosin is to precipitate oxides in the solder, protect the solder from oxidation, and increase the fluidity of the solder.
Electronic components are generally good tin, if the rust should be polished first, put it on the rosin with a soldering iron, then tin. After the board is polished, the components that have been tinned can be directly inserted, and then the inner core is soldered with a rosin solder wire. Remove the soldering iron before the rosin has evaporated. If the solder is sticky, remove the rosin and do not move the components before the solder solidifies.
(5) diagonal pliers function and method of use
Diagonal pliers, also known as "clear pliers", are generally divided into four sizes: 5 inches, 5 inches, 6 inches, 7 inches, and 8 inches. The electronic production is mainly 5 inches, which is convenient and flexible to use, and it is not easy to fatigue for a long time.
For you to recommend the Sanders diagonal pliers (ST-501), it is a very good price pliers. The material used is 60# tool steel forging overall heat treatment, processed by special process. The high frequency quenching of the jaws can cut off the plastic nozzle and the 1.4mm soft copper wire.
Use diagonal pliers to measure the force. It can not be used to cut steel wire, steel wire rope and over-copper copper wire, iron wire, etc., otherwise it will easily lead to the collapse and damage of the diagonal pliers. Therefore, it is recommended that the diagonal pliers should not be cut more than 2.5mm. Single strand copper wire and wire.
(6) Introduction of needle nose pliers function and parameters
Needle-nose pliers, also known as pliers, pointed pliers, pointed nose pliers. It consists of a pointed end, a knife edge and a pliers handle. The material of the needle-nosed pliers is made of 45# steel, the type is medium carbon steel, the carbon content is 0.45%, and the toughness and hardness are suitable.
The pliers of the needle-nosed pliers are covered with an insulating sleeve of rated voltage of 500V. It is a commonly used clamp tool. It is mainly used to cut single-strand and multi-strand wire with thin wire diameter, and to bend the single-strand wire joint, peel off plastic insulation layer, etc., can operate in a narrow working space, and can only be pinched without cutting edge. Work, with cutting edge can cut small parts, it is one of the necessary tools for electronic production, less needle-nosed pliers, electronic DIY will be very difficult.
Needle-nose pliers is one of the typical tools that uses the principle of leverage. It is usually operated with the right hand. When using it, hold the two handles of the needle-nosed pliers to start the clamping or cutting work.
When using needle-nosed pliers, apply a lubricious anti-rust oil to the surface to avoid rust or burrs.
(7) Introduction of scorpion function and parameters
Recommend Venus advanced stainless steel tweezers, total length of about 14.5cm, single piece thickness of about 1.5mm, made of high elasticity and high quality stainless steel, good head elasticity, good quality, corrosion resistance, rust and strength, wide applicability It has excellent hand feeling and it is one of the necessary tools for electronic production.
(8) Word start, cross function and parameter introduction
A word screwdriver, also known as a screwdriver, screwdriver, trumpet length 11.5 cm, crystal handle, with magnetic. The cross screwdriver, the trumpet is 11.5 cm long, with a crystal handle and magnetic, they are one of the necessary tools for electronic production.
(9) Suction device function and use method
Recommended for everyone, the colorful arrow plate soldering device is made of thick aluminum material. The head is made of high temperature resistant plastic and can be exposed to high temperature. It is one of the standing tools for electronic makers.
The main functions are:
※The soldering device can help the novice to dispose of the excess solder on the circuit board;
※ When removing the integrated block and removing the components, the soldering device can suck the solder, which is convenient and not easy to damage the circuit board;
※When the small component or the tin in the PCB hole cannot be removed, the solder can absorb all the small parts or solder joints.
When using, first press the slider at the end of the soldering device until you hear a click, indicating that the soldering device has been fixed. Then use the soldering iron to heat the joint to melt the solder on the joint. At the same time, close the soldering device to the contact point and press the button on the suction device to suck the solder. Repeat the above steps if it is not cleaned at one time.
Precautions for use:
※ Make sure that the suction piston is well sealed. Before powering on, use your fingers to block the small hole in the suction head and press the button. If the piston is not easy to pop into place, the seal is good.
(2) The diameter of the suction head is different in size and should be selected according to the appropriate specifications.
(3) After the used soldering iron head is used, it is necessary to replace it with a new one.
(4) Before touching the solder joint, lick a little rosin each time to improve the fluidity of the solder.
(5) The head contacts the solder joint for a little longer. When the solder melts, center the solder joint pins, draw a circle in the clockwise direction, and then press the suction button.
(10) Tool box function and parameter introduction
Recommended for high quality high strength polypropylene (PP), high strength, oil, acid, alkali, etc., can be used at -20 degrees Celsius to 40 degrees Celsius, beautiful and durable tool box.
2, electronic production kit preparation
During the ten years of teaching practice, we have developed a large number of electronic production kits for practical teaching. The entry-level electronic production kits adopt the design mode of “universal board + componentsâ€, and all products are successfully produced. Loved by students. Here are a few electronic production kits for electronic beginners:
(1) Special materials for drag welding technical training
In order to master the skills of soldering electronic products with universal boards, it is necessary to master the drag welding technology and the five-step welding method. Only when the drag welding technology is mature, the electrical performance of the soldered circuit board is stable and reliable. As an electronic beginner, this is one of the practical skills that must be mastered.
Training drag welding technology, in addition to electronic production tools, must also have training materials for drag welding technology: universal board, should use better quality, otherwise it is not suitable for beginners to practice; wire, select 0.5 single-strand copper wire for welding The quality of solder and solder determines the efficiency of the soldering technology and has a great influence on the soldering training. It is recommended to use a 0.8mm inner core with rosin solder.
In order to ensure the maturity of the drag welding technology, it is recommended that beginners practice 2 to 3 universal boards, and then solder the electronic production products after meeting the requirements.
(2) Circuit model design and production kit;
Small test knife, welding the first electronic production product, master the concept of circuit model and the structure of the circuit, master the basic physical quantity and basic law of the circuit, including the reference direction of current and voltage; calculation of current, electric power and potential; Ohm's law And other important concepts.
(3) Multi-vibrator double flash circuit design and production kit;
The multi-vibrator double flash circuit is derived from the double flash circuit of the automobile. It is a classic mutual push-pull circuit. After power-on, LED1 and LED2 alternately flash, that is, two LEDs are turned on.
The main purpose of this work is to grasp the identification and detection of resistors, capacitors, diodes, and triodes. Mastering the simple circuit schematic, it is possible to match the symbols on the schematic with the actual components one by one, and accurately determine the properties and polarity of the above components.
(4) Based on the 555 timer flash circuit design and production kit;
The 555 timer can conveniently form a monostable flip-flop, a multivibrator, a Schmitt trigger circuit, etc., and the flash circuit is controlled by a pulse signal generated by a multivibrator.
The main purpose of this work is to master the internal structure and working principle of the 555 timer, and to master the use of integrated circuits.
(5) LM317 adjustable voltage regulator DC power circuit design and production kit;
The LM317 is one of the most widely used power supply integrated circuits. It not only has the simplest form of a fixed three-terminal regulator circuit, but also has an adjustable output voltage. In addition, it has the advantages of wide voltage regulation range, good voltage regulation performance, low noise and high ripple rejection ratio.
The main purpose of this work is to master the working principle of transformer buck, diode rectification, capacitor filtering, LM317 voltage regulator.
(6) 4017 ten-way flow light circuit design and production kit;
The design of this circuit is based on the store LED billboards in the downtown area, which has certain practical value. Master the working principle of the multi-vibrator consisting of 555 and the decimal shift counter consisting of 4017, and the actual effect produced by the simultaneous operation of the two-part circuit.
(7) Analog electronic candle circuit design and production kit;
The analog electronic candle has the simulation of "matching ignition, wind blowing out", and the original design comes from the birthday party life plot.
The main purpose of this work is to comprehensively use the knowledge of analog circuits, digital circuits, sensors and other aspects to design and produce electronic works. It is a model for comprehensive application of electronic basic knowledge design circuits.
(8) Infrared diode sensing circuit design and production kit.
The design idea of ​​this circuit comes from the life scene where the bank automatically opens and closes the door. When people enter the bank, the door automatically opens and the door is automatically closed after leaving the door. When the hand is close to the infrared transmitting tube and the infrared receiving tube, the buzzer sounds, the LED light is turned on, the sound is stopped immediately after the hand is removed, and the LED light is extinguished, and the sensitivity is very high.
The main purpose of this work is to learn the working principle and use method of infrared transmitting tube, infrared receiving tube, general-purpose operational amplifier LM358, and master the basic methods of circuit debugging such as voltage detection method and resistance detection method.
It should be noted that the above electronic production kits are designed based on accumulated vocational education experience. In order to help the majority of electronic beginners to further consolidate theoretical knowledge and practice practical skills, we will explain each electronic production kit one by one in the following articles. The paper will focus on the working principle, schematic diagram and working principle of related components, and drag welding drawings. And related theoretical knowledge such as installation and debugging techniques.
In order to help the majority of electronic enthusiasts to practice and integrate learning, "Popular Electronics Production" Taobao shop develops electronic production kits for self-study and practical purposes, and provides electronic production tools, electronic production documents, video tutorials and other materials. Because the level is limited, the mistakes are inevitable, so please criticize and correct.
Third, the three levels of electronic practitioners
The purpose of learning electronic technology is to apply, in order to solve practical problems in life, in order to have a life-skilled ability, I have summarized the three levels of electronic practitioners.
The first level will identify simple circuit schematics, and will successfully produce electronic products based on circuit diagrams. The representatives of such practitioners have a line of general workers, operators, and production workers, with a monthly salary of about 3,000 yuan.
In addition to mastering the first level of technology, the second level will analyze product faults based on the circuit diagram, correctly determine the fault location, and come up with a solution that can be successfully repaired. The representatives of such practitioners include the maintenance technicians of the enterprise, the staff of the after-sales station, the boss of the maintenance shop, etc. The monthly salary is about 5,000 yuan.
In addition to mastering the second level of technology, the third level will also transform traditional products and design New Products with reference to foreign products. The representatives of such practitioners include electronic engineers and technical team leaders. The monthly salary is about 10,000 yuan, and the annual salary of more than ten years is generally more than 200,000 yuan.
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