The last paragraph: the development of contemporary electrical lighting control system and its application in commercial projects (1)
4, system introduction
(1) System structure:
1 power supply and control functions:
The control bus system adopts a structure in which the AC 220V power supply of the electric equipment is separated from the network control bus. The bus supply voltage is a safe DC voltage. The low-voltage power supply method is undoubtedly beneficial to eliminate the risk of accidental electric shock during use. Detail 7
Some system buses use two pairs of twisted pairs, that is, a pair of lines simultaneously transmit bus power voltage and network information without affecting each other; some systems use two pairs of four twisted pairs, each of which transmits bus power separately Voltage and network information. This does not mean that the latter system is more expensive. In fact, various control bus systems recommend the use of Category 5 (four pairs of twisted pair) as the transmission medium, and the unused pairs can be used as backup.
In addition, the bus users of the system use the distributed address method to access the bus, which is convenient for system installation and debugging and step-by-step management. It allows the bus components to be arbitrarily distributed on the network, and all control devices can work independently, and the work coordination and response between them is done through the network transmission protocol. This feature makes it easy to install, modify, maintain, and expand the control bus system. It is one of the main features of control bus system differentiation and traditional lighting control.
Figure 7 Lighting control system with control bus
2 transmission protocol:
The data transmission of the control bus system uses serial asynchronous transmission. The network command signals are transmitted to the bus users via the bus. The information is symmetrically superimposed in a basic small level. Use this transmission
The method has the following advantages: high common mode rejection ratio; low external interference; good transient characteristics; low line matching impedance and good resistance to external interference;
The serial bus method can reduce the number of transmission cables, facilitate construction, reduce investment, improve the reliability and efficiency of bus information transmission, and conform to the trend of network technology development. Most of the system's transmission protocols comply with international communication protocol standards, making it easy to interconnect with other systems. See Table 1 for details of the bus transfer protocols commonly used in the market for intelligent lighting control systems.
4 Network layout:
Figure 8 bus structure
Common bus structures are wire-shaped structures, ring structures, star structures, or dendritic structures (detailed in Figure 8). Among the various control bus systems, some support all of the above structures; some only support partial structures; some only support linear structures. The bus length is generally not less than 1000 meters, and the system can be easily extended by the bridge. Each system can provide the scale of 10,000 to tens of thousands of bus components. The network layout is rich because its network transmission protocol is updated, more mature, and adaptable; the network system is large because its network transmission protocol is rationally optimized and data transmission efficiency is high. In fact, in a sense, we can think that the quality of the network transmission protocol can determine the pros and cons of the entire control bus system. In general, the size and form of the system that controls the bus system is determined by its functions and can satisfy most of the control requirements.
(2) Basic components:
In order to meet the various needs of customers, the control bus system provides a wide variety of basic components. According to the purpose and structure, it can be divided into the following aspects:
1 Installation method:
The basic components of the control bus system are mainly divided into five installation methods. Small-sized components, such as those used in terminal distribution boxes, can be mounted side-by-side with miniature circuit breakers on standard rails (special mounting rails have data rows that allow direct communication of basic components, see Figure 9). This installation method makes the arrangement of the components in the box uniform and uniform, and has little influence on the design of the traditional lighting distribution system, but the capacity of the output unit should not be made large; the other is used for the terminal distribution box (cabinet) The installation method is directly installed on the bottom plate or bracket of the distribution box (cabinet), similar to the installation of the traditional plastic case switch. The components of this installation mode are large, and the output capacity of each channel can reach 3~4 kW; 86-type external or non-standard switch panel embedded in wall or ceiling or ceiling, remote control receiver, various sensors, interfaces; basic components (such as some directly installed inside or next to the electrical equipment) Dimming devices, etc.); the last way is because the product form is special, it needs to be installed on the wall in the field. The installation method of each component has its own characteristics, and the designer should choose according to the specific conditions of the site and the owner's request.
Figure 9 The unit of a control bus system is mounted on a standard rail
2 basic unit electrical appliances:
The basic unit appliances of the control bus system usually include power supply devices, bridges and various couplers; switching I/O units and dimmers of various capacities and numbers, scene memory units, various interfaces, button panels; infrared Remote control, receiver, decoder; and various sensors such as brightness/temperature/infrared/wind/rain/displacement, fire/smoke alarm, etc. Some control bus systems also provide touch screens, handheld programmers, etc. More special unit devices.3 basic functions:
As shown in Figure 10, the control bus system can provide digital input and output, remote input, provide various sensor threshold input, time control, preset scene memory output, various lamp dimming, PC programming control, and easy to receive. Various lighting control functions such as dry contact input unit of external control signal (Detail Table 2). In addition, the EIB system offers a wide range of output applications such as electric curtains, air conditioners and other electric actuators for energy, lighting, security, communications and building management. In addition to lighting control, these rich features can also meet the diverse needs of the owners.
Figure 10 Lighting control based on the control bus system
Table 2 Application control bus system to achieve the main functions of lighting control
(3) Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC):
Electromagnetic compatibility refers to the ability of a set of electronic devices to function properly in an interference environment where several devices are in the same area and each device emits electromagnetic radiation to the surroundings. As electricity enters almost all areas of human life, the installation density of various electronic devices in modern buildings is increasing. The interaction and mutual interference between the electronic devices in the building and the electronic devices and the surrounding environment are also intensified. Therefore, electromagnetic compatibility requirements for various electronic devices to be installed in buildings will become higher and higher. The concern for electromagnetic compatibility is also one of the differences between us and the traditional lighting system in the design process of the application control bus system.
The control part of the control bus system and the bus itself operate in a low voltage and small current range and are particularly sensitive to electromagnetic interference. Various control bus system products currently on the market are designed to meet various relevant international standards for electromagnetic compatibility. For example, the transmission line adopts the standard Category 5 line; each basic unit is provided with a specially designed shielding structure (using aluminum shell, etc.) and installation method; the system power supply is provided with a filtering device; a specially designed bus connection terminal; special data transmission coding/ Decoding algorithm (parity, etc.); lower data transfer rate and so on.
From the point of view of the system that has been put into operation, such as the strict requirements in the construction and commissioning phase, the control bus system can basically withstand the test of the on-site environment and achieve good results.
Figure 11 C-BUS system structure
Figure 12 EIB system structure
Figure 13 Dynalite system structure diagram
(4) Operating software:
The control bus system requires the support of operational control software to provide master control of the entire system for testing, operation, diagnostics, maintenance, and end users. The current operating software is based on the Windows system, using an intuitive graphical interface, using RS232 or other dedicated interface, the system bus is directly connected to the central station PC. Some systems also offer a handheld programmer for field programming. In addition, as a special service, through the Internet, the service host of the maintenance center of each control bus system can directly enter the customer's operating software environment for remote online diagnosis and maintenance. In order to adapt to the advent of the Internet century, the operating software of the control bus system began to gradually integrate the Web functions, and the operating software and the intranet/enterprise network became an integrated system in the working mode of the webpage. Therefore, the working interface of each operating software is different and the mutual non-universal pattern is overcome, so that the operation control of different control bus systems is unified at the central station level of the BA system.
Figure 14 Schematic diagram of the Sydney City Lighting Landscape Control System
Figure 14 shows the Sydney city lighting landscape control system map for the 2000 Olympic Games. It is a network profile of the lighting control system that remotely controls a city's key area lighting system through the Modem and Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). From this we can see the relationship between the control bus and the public telephone network.
(5) System debugging:
System debugging of the control bus system is another project that is different from traditional lighting systems. The contents of system debugging should be completed according to the requirements of each system installation and operation manual. It usually goes through the following steps:1 School line: Similar to the inspection work in the traditional lighting installation project, but the process is more complicated and cumbersome. First, check whether the connection of each unit module is correct. Because the power supply needs to be transmitted, the polarity of the pair must not be reversed or short-circuited. At the same time, it is necessary to check and record the type, quantity and power of the load in each controlled loop with the construction drawing, and provide real first-hand information for the follow-up work such as system programming;
2 Download the program: use PC or handheld programming machine to assign physical address, operation information and control program to each unit module through RS232 or other dedicated interface;
3 Single function debugging: Repeated field testing and adjustment for each function of each unit module according to the design intent and the specific requirements of the owner;
4 Unified adjustment: The simulation is carried out step by step in the order of the first partial post-all and the first post-base level, and finally connected with the BA system host to achieve the integration of the whole system and the BA system, which can match the degree of work.
Third, the application of lighting control system
According to statistics, the intelligent lighting control systems used in the 26 Wanda Plazas opened last year are mainly based on mature systems such as C-BUS, EIB and Dynalite. What is gratifying is that in addition to imported brands, a number of local brands are also strong and occupy a considerable domestic market. These domestic brands not only meet the requirements of centralized lighting control, but some products can provide Huiyun interface, providing powerful technical support for the latest intelligent centralized control platform.
Intelligent lighting control system is mainly used for lighting control in public areas such as underground garages, pedestrian streets, night scenes, landscapes and courtyards. The on/off time of each lighting branch is preset according to the usual scenes, general festivals and major festivals. It can also be controlled directly by hand.
The component selection of the intelligent lighting control system is mainly based on the system structure and functional requirements and is compatible with the lighting division of each area. The following steps are generally required during design:
1 Determine the light source of the lighting fixture, ie the nature of the load;
2 Statistics, adjustment control, and calculation of each load capacity;
3 Select the appropriate capacity specification of the control module (the capacity specification of the dimming module should be considered from 70% to 85% of the load);
4 Reserve a certain loop according to the function of use and considering possible future modifications, and determine the total number of loops;
5 Set the on-site lighting control sensor (local manual or remote control) according to the functional partition of the building and the requirements for practical operation.
The construction and wiring of the intelligent lighting control system should avoid the bus line forming a large area loop with the grounding components, which is often the root cause of electromagnetic interference. Therefore, in addition to complying with the installation procedures provided by the manufacturer, the following points should be noted when installing the bus:
1 When the bus line and power line are laid, they should be as close as possible to each other to avoid induced voltage;
2 The line ends should be left as far apart as possible from the grounding parts to reduce the coupling capacitance;
3 Maintain the largest possible distance from the external lightning protection equipment;
4 Appropriate overvoltage protection devices (varistor, etc.) should be installed for the bus system.
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