The Human Body Area Network (BAN) is often seen as a solution to the rapid increase in healthcare costs and the lack of medical service providers. Both wireless standards organizations and IEEE are developing BAN technology. In recent years, the emergence of wireless human local area network technology has solved the problem of patient monitoring in remote areas. The need to reduce medical costs and the increased attention paid to disease prevention and early disease detection are the driving forces behind the continuous development of BAN.
Some market research reports predict that, due to the development of wearable and implantable medical equipment for patient monitoring and consumer healthcare, the demand for BAN devices will reach 100 million per year before 2011.
Due to population aging problems in many areas, medical surveillance will play an important role, especially in countries where clinicians are scarce. This system can continuously monitor the physical condition of elderly patients and share the information with distant medical service providers to better meet the needs of medical care. Using this system, medical and elderly care service providers can provide services for elderly people with chronic diseases, so that they can live longer.
BAN is a very small number of wireless local area networks that can support a large number of medical applications, from tracking various vital signs to monitoring the operation of transplanted equipment, and completing high-level endoscopy.
Traditional patient monitoring consists of many physiological sensors. These sensors connect the patient's body to a dedicated signal processing unit installed nearby, and there are many awkward and inconvenient connecting wires around. These connecting lines limit the patient's range of motion and also affect the patient's comfort. Some research reports indicate that these connecting lines are the source of hospital diseases. In addition, the sloshing of these connections will also adversely affect the detection results.
With the emergence of low-power, low-cost wireless connection technologies, BAN can now be implemented and deployed, becoming a supplement to the traditional technologies mentioned above.
We can install the sensor network on or around the patient's body, or statically implant it into human tissue to achieve the collection of specific physiological data. In this way, no matter where the patient is, we can continuously monitor the patient's health. These collected signals can be used for electroencephalogram (EEG), electrocardiogram (EKG), electromyography (EMG), epidermal temperature, skin electrical conduction, and electrooculogram (EOG).
All sensors send the collected information wirelessly to an external processor located on the patient or beside the bed. After that, the processor sends all the information to the device used by the doctor or a designated server in real time through a traditional data network (such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, or GSM). The sensors used by BAN generally require the accuracy of their important physiological parameters, the level of low-power signal processing, and wireless connectivity.
In some cases, the sensor becomes a transceiver or receiver, depending on the bandwidth of the data collected—for example, the comparison of temperature or heart rate data with the simulated EKG waveform.
There are two main types of sensors used in BAN, which one depends on the working mode.
The sensors used in wearable BAN are generally attached to the surface of the human body or implanted in the shallow layer of the human body for short-term monitoring (within 14 days). These sensors are generally very expensive, light in weight and small in size, and can achieve free-moving health monitoring. Medical providers use these sensors to understand the health of patients in almost real time.
The sensors used in implantable BAN are installed in deep areas of the human body, such as the heart, brain, and spinal cord. Implantable BAN has both active stimulation and physiological monitoring functions, which is ideal for the monitoring of some chronic diseases. So far, these chronic diseases can only be treated with drugs. Examples of implantable BAN treatment include deep brain stimulation of Parkinson's disease, chronic pain spinal cord stimulation, and bladder stimulation of urinary incontinence.
Understanding BAN requirements is the key to reliable product design in this area. The characteristics of BAN are easy to configure, low cost, ultra-low power consumption and highly reliable sensor system. Its packaging and operation must be sterile for use around or inside the human body. In addition, wireless communications must be robust enough to withstand RF interference in various environments, such as Wi-Fi networks, microwave ovens, and cordless phones.
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