The application of LED light sources in the field of lighting is a product of the rapid development of semiconductor luminescent material technology and the concept of "green lighting" gradually gaining roots. "Green lighting" is a new concept proposed by foreign lighting in the late 1980s. The implementation of "green lighting project" began in 1996. The important step to realize this plan is to develop and promote efficient and energy-saving lighting fixtures, save lighting power, reduce environmental and light pollution, and establish a lighting system that is high-quality, high-efficiency, economical, safe, reliable, and environmentally friendly.
First, the LED lighting concept LED (Lighy Emitting Diode), also known as light-emitting diodes, which use solid-state semiconductor chips as light-emitting materials, when the positive voltage is applied to both ends, carriers in the semiconductor recombination, give off excess energy and cause Photon emission produces visible light.
(A) The history of the development of LED applications semiconductor P. N-junction light source principle made of LED appeared in the early 60s of the 20th century, first appear in 1964, red light-emitting diodes, followed by yellow LED. Until 1994, blue and green LEDs were successfully developed. In 1996, a white LED was successfully developed by Japan's Nichia Corporation (Nichia).
With its inherent characteristics, such as power saving, long life, shock resistance, fast response, and cold light source, LEDs are widely used in the fields of indicator lamps, signal lamps, display screens, landscape lighting, etc., and are seen everywhere in our daily life. , Household appliances, telephones, dashboard lighting, automotive fog lights, traffic lights and so on. However, because of its limited brightness, high price, and other conditions, it cannot be used as a universal light source.
In recent years, with the continuous deepening of research on semiconductor luminescent materials, the continuous advancement of LED manufacturing processes and the development and application of new materials (nitride crystals and phosphors), ultra-high brightness LEDs of various colors have achieved breakthroughs. Progress, its luminous efficiency has increased by nearly 1,000 times, and all colors in the visible light band have been realized in terms of chromaticity. The most important one is the emergence of ultra-high brightness white LEDs, making it possible for LED applications to leap over to the high-efficiency lighting source market. It has been pointed out that high-brightness LEDs will be one of the greatest inventions of mankind after Edison invented incandescent light bulbs.
(B) LED light-emitting principle Light-emitting diodes mainly composed of PN junction chip, electrodes and optical systems. Its luminous body - the area of ​​the chip is 10.12mil (1mil = 0.0254 square millimeters). At present, there are large-chip LED in the world, and the chip area reaches 40mil.
The luminescence process includes three parts: carrier injection under forward bias, composite radiation, and light energy transmission. The tiny semiconductor wafer is encapsulated in a clean epoxy resin. When the electrons pass through the wafer, the negatively charged electrons move to the positively charged hole region and recombine with it, and electrons and holes disappear while generating photons. The greater the energy (band gap) between electrons and holes, the higher the energy of the photons generated. The energy of photons in turn corresponds to the color of light. Within the spectrum of visible light, blue light and purple light carry the most energy, and orange light and red light carry the least energy. Because different materials have different band gaps, different colors of light can be emitted.
The mainstream of LED lighting sources will be high-brightness white LEDs. At present, commercially available white LEDs are mostly two wavelengths, ie, white light is generated by mixing blue light single chips with YAG yellow phosphors. The future is more optimistic about the three-wavelength white LED, that is, inorganic UV wafer plus red, blue, and green three-color phosphor to produce white light, it will replace fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent light bulbs and LED backlight and other markets.
(C) The basic characteristics of LED light source 1, high luminous efficiency LED after decades of technological improvements, its luminous efficiency has been greatly improved. Incandescent lamps and tungsten halogen lamps have a luminous efficiency of 12-24 lm/W, fluorescent lamps 50-70 lm/W, and sodium lamps 90-140 lm/W, and most of the power consumption becomes heat loss. LED light efficiency will be improved to reach 50 ~ 200 lumens / watt, and its light monochromaticity is good, narrow spectrum, without filtering can emit colored visible light directly. At present, all countries in the world have stepped up efforts to improve the research on LED luminous efficiency, and their luminous efficiency will be greatly improved in the near future.
2, the power consumption of LED single tube power 0.03 ~ 0.06 watts, using DC drive, single-tube drive voltage 1.5 ~ 3.5 volts, current 15 ~ 18 mA, the reaction speed, can operate at high frequency. In the case of the same lighting effect, the power consumption is one-eighth that of incandescent light bulbs, and one-half of fluorescent tubes, as estimated by Japan, use LEDs that are twice as effective as fluorescent lamps to replace the incandescent lamps and half of Japanese incandescent lamps. Fluorescent light. Each year can save the equivalent of 6 billion liters of crude oil. In the case of bridge parapet lights, the same effect of a fluorescent lamp is more than 40 watts, and the power of each LED using LED is only 8 watts, and it can change colorfully.
3, long service life using electronic light field radiation, filament burning easy to burn, heat deposition, light attenuation and other shortcomings. The use of LED lights small size, light weight, epoxy resin package, can withstand high-strength mechanical shock and vibration, not broken. The average life expectancy reaches 100,000 hours. The service life of LED lamps can be as long as 5 to 10 years, which can greatly reduce the maintenance cost of the lamps and avoid the difficulty of frequent lamp replacement.
4, safety and reliability of strong heat, low heat, no heat radiation, cold light source, can be safely arrived: can accurately control the light and light angle, soft light color, no glare; does not contain mercury, sodium and other substances that may be harmful to health . The built-in micro-processing system can control the luminous intensity, adjust the luminous mode, and realize the combination of light and art.
5, is conducive to environmental protection LED is a full-solid light body, shock resistance, impact resistance is not easy to break, waste can be recycled, no pollution. The light source is small in size and can be freely combined. It is easy to develop into a light, thin, and short-sized lighting product, and is also easy to install and maintain.
Of course, energy saving is the most important reason for considering the use of LED light sources. Maybe LED light sources are more expensive than traditional light sources, but with one year's energy saving to recover the investment of light sources, we can obtain several times of annual energy saving net income in 4 to 9 years. .
Second, the application of LED lighting technology prospects and trends For a long time, due to low LED luminous efficiency, its application is mainly concentrated in various display areas. With the advent of ultra-high brightness LEDs (especially white LEDs), applications in the field of lighting have become possible. According to the prediction of the international authoritative organization, the 21st century will enter the era of new lighting sources represented by LEDs, and is called the fourth generation of new light sources.
(I) Prospects and development trends At present, lighting consumption accounts for about 20% of the entire power consumption, and the significant reduction in lighting power consumption is an important way to save energy. To achieve this goal, the industry has researched and developed many kinds of energy-saving lighting fixtures and achieved A certain degree of effectiveness. However, the requirement of “green lighting†is far from enough. It is imperative to develop and apply new light sources that are more efficient, reliable, safe, and durable. LED's inherent superiority is drawing the attention of the world. The United States, Japan, and other countries and Taiwan have forecasted the effectiveness of LED lighting. The United States replaced 55% incandescent and 55% fluorescent lamps with US$35 billion a year in electricity costs, and reduced 755 million tons of CO2 emissions each year. Japan's replacement of 100% incandescent bulbs with LEDs can reduce the amount of power generated by 1 to 2 nuclear power plants and save more than 1 billion liters of crude oil per year. In Taiwan, 25% incandescent lamps and 100% fluorescent lamps are replaced by white LEDs, saving 11 billion kWh of electricity each year. As early as 1998, Japan compiled the “21st Century Plan†to conduct practical research on LED lighting sources for lighting in the new century. In recent years, Japan's Nichia Chemical, Toyoda Gosei, SONY, Jiayou Electric, etc. have all come out with LED lighting products. World-famous lighting companies such as Philips, Osram, GE, etc. have also invested a lot of manpower and resources for research and development and production of LED lighting products. US GE and EMCORE formed a new company to develop white LEDs to replace incandescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps, tungsten halogen lamps, and automotive lamps. German Osram company and Siemens cooperate to develop LED lighting system. Taiwan's current LED production is second only to Japan before the United States. Since 1998, it has invested 600 million Taiwan dollars in related development work.
The history of LED development has been for decades, but the application in the field of lighting is still a new technology. With the rapid development of LED technology, its luminous efficiency has gradually increased, LED application market will be more extensive, especially in the context of rising global energy shortage worries, the future of LED in the lighting market has attracted worldwide attention. The industry believes that becoming the most favored market and the largest market in the next 10 years will be to replace the largest potential commodities for incandescent, tungsten and fluorescent lamps.
(II) Main technical problems in lighting applications In recent years, the luminous efficiency of LED is gradually increasing. The commercialized devices have reached the level of incandescent lamps. The white LED luminous efficiency adopted by landscape lamps is close to the level of fluorescent lamps and is steadily increasing. in. However, there are still some technical problems in the popularization of lighting applications:
The first is that the luminous flux needs further improvement. Using LEDs as an illumination source must be able to emit more light and must have a higher energy efficiency.
Second, there is still a certain gap between the light emitted by the LED and the natural light. Incandescent lamp has a very strong yellow light composition, giving a warm feeling. The white LED emits white light with blue light components. Under such light illumination, people's vision is not very natural.
The third is higher prices. This is the main reason that affects the popularity of LED lighting. However, in recent years, due to the improvement of wafer technology, the manufacturing cost has been drastically reduced. In the past three years, the price of LED has dropped by nearly 50%. It is developing in the direction of high efficiency and low cost. This is the application of LED in the field of lighting. Provides favorable conditions. In addition, better cost-effectiveness can also make up for deficiencies in cost and price.
Third, the application of LED lighting technology in the light environment LED light source has a high luminous efficiency, low power consumption, long life, safe and reliable, is conducive to environmental protection and other characteristics, in recent years in the city lighting environment has been widely Applications. At present, it has been applied in the series of Digital Symphony, Fence Lighting, Square Lighting, Courtyard Lighting, Spot Lighting, and Underwater Lighting. Many cities use LED light source lighting technology in the construction of urban lighting environment, which has produced good results and has accumulated rich experience. Such as Guangzhou Power Building, Guangzhou Hedong Bridge, Guangzhou Industrial and Commercial Bank Building, Zhuhai South Yingbin Road Lighting Project, Dongguan City Center Lighting Project, Zhengzhou Henan Medical University overpass, Shanghai Yan'an Road Lighting Project, Hunan Changde City Danyang Tianqiao, Nantong City Communications Tower Light engineering and so on.
With the further development of urbanization throughout the country, the field of lighting environment (including street lights, landscape lights, art lights, etc.) will continue to expand, and the application of LED light sources will continue to grow. LED as the fourth generation of new light source has been effectively applied in the field of urban landscape lighting construction, but it needs to further replace the high-power high-pressure sodium lamps, high-pressure mercury lamps, metal halide lamps and other light sources in the construction and maintenance of street lamps. The research and discussion to seriously solve the technical problems of LED light source in lighting applications, LED lighting manufacturers also need to combine the actual situation of street lighting industry, production of new products in line with the construction and maintenance of street lamps, so that the fourth generation of new light source Urban lighting plays a greater role.
First, the LED lighting concept LED (Lighy Emitting Diode), also known as light-emitting diodes, which use solid-state semiconductor chips as light-emitting materials, when the positive voltage is applied to both ends, carriers in the semiconductor recombination, give off excess energy and cause Photon emission produces visible light.
(A) The history of the development of LED applications semiconductor P. N-junction light source principle made of LED appeared in the early 60s of the 20th century, first appear in 1964, red light-emitting diodes, followed by yellow LED. Until 1994, blue and green LEDs were successfully developed. In 1996, a white LED was successfully developed by Japan's Nichia Corporation (Nichia).
With its inherent characteristics, such as power saving, long life, shock resistance, fast response, and cold light source, LEDs are widely used in the fields of indicator lamps, signal lamps, display screens, landscape lighting, etc., and are seen everywhere in our daily life. , Household appliances, telephones, dashboard lighting, automotive fog lights, traffic lights and so on. However, because of its limited brightness, high price, and other conditions, it cannot be used as a universal light source.
In recent years, with the continuous deepening of research on semiconductor luminescent materials, the continuous advancement of LED manufacturing processes and the development and application of new materials (nitride crystals and phosphors), ultra-high brightness LEDs of various colors have achieved breakthroughs. Progress, its luminous efficiency has increased by nearly 1,000 times, and all colors in the visible light band have been realized in terms of chromaticity. The most important one is the emergence of ultra-high brightness white LEDs, making it possible for LED applications to leap over to the high-efficiency lighting source market. It has been pointed out that high-brightness LEDs will be one of the greatest inventions of mankind after Edison invented incandescent light bulbs.
(B) LED light-emitting principle Light-emitting diodes mainly composed of PN junction chip, electrodes and optical systems. Its luminous body - the area of ​​the chip is 10.12mil (1mil = 0.0254 square millimeters). At present, there are large-chip LED in the world, and the chip area reaches 40mil.
The luminescence process includes three parts: carrier injection under forward bias, composite radiation, and light energy transmission. The tiny semiconductor wafer is encapsulated in a clean epoxy resin. When the electrons pass through the wafer, the negatively charged electrons move to the positively charged hole region and recombine with it, and electrons and holes disappear while generating photons. The greater the energy (band gap) between electrons and holes, the higher the energy of the photons generated. The energy of photons in turn corresponds to the color of light. Within the spectrum of visible light, blue light and purple light carry the most energy, and orange light and red light carry the least energy. Because different materials have different band gaps, different colors of light can be emitted.
The mainstream of LED lighting sources will be high-brightness white LEDs. At present, commercially available white LEDs are mostly two wavelengths, ie, white light is generated by mixing blue light single chips with YAG yellow phosphors. The future is more optimistic about the three-wavelength white LED, that is, inorganic UV wafer plus red, blue, and green three-color phosphor to produce white light, it will replace fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent light bulbs and LED backlight and other markets.
(C) The basic characteristics of LED light source 1, high luminous efficiency LED after decades of technological improvements, its luminous efficiency has been greatly improved. Incandescent lamps and tungsten halogen lamps have a luminous efficiency of 12-24 lm/W, fluorescent lamps 50-70 lm/W, and sodium lamps 90-140 lm/W, and most of the power consumption becomes heat loss. LED light efficiency will be improved to reach 50 ~ 200 lumens / watt, and its light monochromaticity is good, narrow spectrum, without filtering can emit colored visible light directly. At present, all countries in the world have stepped up efforts to improve the research on LED luminous efficiency, and their luminous efficiency will be greatly improved in the near future.
2, the power consumption of LED single tube power 0.03 ~ 0.06 watts, using DC drive, single-tube drive voltage 1.5 ~ 3.5 volts, current 15 ~ 18 mA, the reaction speed, can operate at high frequency. In the case of the same lighting effect, the power consumption is one-eighth that of incandescent light bulbs, and one-half of fluorescent tubes, as estimated by Japan, use LEDs that are twice as effective as fluorescent lamps to replace the incandescent lamps and half of Japanese incandescent lamps. Fluorescent light. Each year can save the equivalent of 6 billion liters of crude oil. In the case of bridge parapet lights, the same effect of a fluorescent lamp is more than 40 watts, and the power of each LED using LED is only 8 watts, and it can change colorfully.
3, long service life using electronic light field radiation, filament burning easy to burn, heat deposition, light attenuation and other shortcomings. The use of LED lights small size, light weight, epoxy resin package, can withstand high-strength mechanical shock and vibration, not broken. The average life expectancy reaches 100,000 hours. The service life of LED lamps can be as long as 5 to 10 years, which can greatly reduce the maintenance cost of the lamps and avoid the difficulty of frequent lamp replacement.
4, safety and reliability of strong heat, low heat, no heat radiation, cold light source, can be safely arrived: can accurately control the light and light angle, soft light color, no glare; does not contain mercury, sodium and other substances that may be harmful to health . The built-in micro-processing system can control the luminous intensity, adjust the luminous mode, and realize the combination of light and art.
5, is conducive to environmental protection LED is a full-solid light body, shock resistance, impact resistance is not easy to break, waste can be recycled, no pollution. The light source is small in size and can be freely combined. It is easy to develop into a light, thin, and short-sized lighting product, and is also easy to install and maintain.
Of course, energy saving is the most important reason for considering the use of LED light sources. Maybe LED light sources are more expensive than traditional light sources, but with one year's energy saving to recover the investment of light sources, we can obtain several times of annual energy saving net income in 4 to 9 years. .
Second, the application of LED lighting technology prospects and trends For a long time, due to low LED luminous efficiency, its application is mainly concentrated in various display areas. With the advent of ultra-high brightness LEDs (especially white LEDs), applications in the field of lighting have become possible. According to the prediction of the international authoritative organization, the 21st century will enter the era of new lighting sources represented by LEDs, and is called the fourth generation of new light sources.
(I) Prospects and development trends At present, lighting consumption accounts for about 20% of the entire power consumption, and the significant reduction in lighting power consumption is an important way to save energy. To achieve this goal, the industry has researched and developed many kinds of energy-saving lighting fixtures and achieved A certain degree of effectiveness. However, the requirement of “green lighting†is far from enough. It is imperative to develop and apply new light sources that are more efficient, reliable, safe, and durable. LED's inherent superiority is drawing the attention of the world. The United States, Japan, and other countries and Taiwan have forecasted the effectiveness of LED lighting. The United States replaced 55% incandescent and 55% fluorescent lamps with US$35 billion a year in electricity costs, and reduced 755 million tons of CO2 emissions each year. Japan's replacement of 100% incandescent bulbs with LEDs can reduce the amount of power generated by 1 to 2 nuclear power plants and save more than 1 billion liters of crude oil per year. In Taiwan, 25% incandescent lamps and 100% fluorescent lamps are replaced by white LEDs, saving 11 billion kWh of electricity each year. As early as 1998, Japan compiled the “21st Century Plan†to conduct practical research on LED lighting sources for lighting in the new century. In recent years, Japan's Nichia Chemical, Toyoda Gosei, SONY, Jiayou Electric, etc. have all come out with LED lighting products. World-famous lighting companies such as Philips, Osram, GE, etc. have also invested a lot of manpower and resources for research and development and production of LED lighting products. US GE and EMCORE formed a new company to develop white LEDs to replace incandescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps, tungsten halogen lamps, and automotive lamps. German Osram company and Siemens cooperate to develop LED lighting system. Taiwan's current LED production is second only to Japan before the United States. Since 1998, it has invested 600 million Taiwan dollars in related development work.
The history of LED development has been for decades, but the application in the field of lighting is still a new technology. With the rapid development of LED technology, its luminous efficiency has gradually increased, LED application market will be more extensive, especially in the context of rising global energy shortage worries, the future of LED in the lighting market has attracted worldwide attention. The industry believes that becoming the most favored market and the largest market in the next 10 years will be to replace the largest potential commodities for incandescent, tungsten and fluorescent lamps.
(II) Main technical problems in lighting applications In recent years, the luminous efficiency of LED is gradually increasing. The commercialized devices have reached the level of incandescent lamps. The white LED luminous efficiency adopted by landscape lamps is close to the level of fluorescent lamps and is steadily increasing. in. However, there are still some technical problems in the popularization of lighting applications:
The first is that the luminous flux needs further improvement. Using LEDs as an illumination source must be able to emit more light and must have a higher energy efficiency.
Second, there is still a certain gap between the light emitted by the LED and the natural light. Incandescent lamp has a very strong yellow light composition, giving a warm feeling. The white LED emits white light with blue light components. Under such light illumination, people's vision is not very natural.
The third is higher prices. This is the main reason that affects the popularity of LED lighting. However, in recent years, due to the improvement of wafer technology, the manufacturing cost has been drastically reduced. In the past three years, the price of LED has dropped by nearly 50%. It is developing in the direction of high efficiency and low cost. This is the application of LED in the field of lighting. Provides favorable conditions. In addition, better cost-effectiveness can also make up for deficiencies in cost and price.
Third, the application of LED lighting technology in the light environment LED light source has a high luminous efficiency, low power consumption, long life, safe and reliable, is conducive to environmental protection and other characteristics, in recent years in the city lighting environment has been widely Applications. At present, it has been applied in the series of Digital Symphony, Fence Lighting, Square Lighting, Courtyard Lighting, Spot Lighting, and Underwater Lighting. Many cities use LED light source lighting technology in the construction of urban lighting environment, which has produced good results and has accumulated rich experience. Such as Guangzhou Power Building, Guangzhou Hedong Bridge, Guangzhou Industrial and Commercial Bank Building, Zhuhai South Yingbin Road Lighting Project, Dongguan City Center Lighting Project, Zhengzhou Henan Medical University overpass, Shanghai Yan'an Road Lighting Project, Hunan Changde City Danyang Tianqiao, Nantong City Communications Tower Light engineering and so on.
With the further development of urbanization throughout the country, the field of lighting environment (including street lights, landscape lights, art lights, etc.) will continue to expand, and the application of LED light sources will continue to grow. LED as the fourth generation of new light source has been effectively applied in the field of urban landscape lighting construction, but it needs to further replace the high-power high-pressure sodium lamps, high-pressure mercury lamps, metal halide lamps and other light sources in the construction and maintenance of street lamps. The research and discussion to seriously solve the technical problems of LED light source in lighting applications, LED lighting manufacturers also need to combine the actual situation of street lighting industry, production of new products in line with the construction and maintenance of street lamps, so that the fourth generation of new light source Urban lighting plays a greater role.
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